Gas Turbine Performance, Second Edition

TABLE OF CONTENTS Gas Turbine Engine Applications Introduction. Comparison of Gas Turbine and Diesel Engines. Power Generation Applications. Industrial Mechanical Drive Applications. Automotive Applications. Marine Applications. Aircraft Applications – Propulsion Requirements. Shaft Powered Aircraft – Turboprops and Turboshafts. Thrust Propelled Aircraft – Turbofans, Turbojets and Ramjets. Auxiliary Power Units (APUs). Formulae. Sample Calculations. Charts. References. The Operational Envelope Introduction. The Environmental Envelope. Installation Pressure Losses. The Flight Envelope. Formulae. Sample Calculations. Charts. References. Properties and Charts for Dry Air, Combustion Products and other Working Fluids Introduction. Description of Fundamental Gas Properties. Description of Key Thermodynamic Parameters. Composition of Dry Air and Combustion Products. The use of CP and Gamma, or Specific Enthalpy and Entropy, in Calculations. Data Base for Fundamental and Thermodynamic Gas Properties. Charts Showing Interrelationships of Key Thermodynamic Parameters. Formulae. Sample Calculations. Charts. References. Dimensionless, Quasidimensionless, Referred and Scaling Parameter Groups Introduction. The Importance of Parameter Groups. Table of Parameter Groups and Description. Examples of Applications. Second-order Effects – Steady State Performance. Second-order Effects – Engine Scaling. Second-order Effects – Transient Performance. Why Components and Engines Adhere to the Parameter Group Relationships. Sample Calculations. Charts. References. Gas Turbine Engine Components Introduction. Axial Compressors – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing. Axial Flow Compressors – off Design Performance. Centrifugal Compressors – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing. Centrifugal Compressors – off Design Performance. Fans – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing. Fans – off Design Performance. Combustors – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing. Combustors – off Design Performance. Axial Flow Turbines – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing Guidelines. Axial Flow Turbines – off Design Performance. Radial Turbines – Design. Radial Turbines – off Design Performance. Ducts – Design. Ducts – off Design Performance. Air Systems, Turbine NGV and Blade Cooling – Design Performance. Air Systems – off Design Performance. Mechanical Losses – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing. Mechanical Losses – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing. Mechanical Losses – off Design Performance. Mixers – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing. Mixers – off Design Performance. Afterburners – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing. Afterburners – off Design Performance. Heat Exchangers – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing. Heat Exchangers – off Design Performance. Alternators – Design Point Performance. Alternators – off Design Performance. Formulae. Sample Calculations. Charts. References. Design Point Performance and Engine Concept Design Introduction. Design Point and off Design Performance Calculations. Design Point Performance Parameters. Design Point Calculation and Diagram. Linearly Scaling Components and Engines. Design Point Exchange Rates. Ground Rules for Generic Point Diagrams. Open Shaft Power Cycles: Generic Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates. Combined Heat and Power: Generic Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates. Closed Cycles: Generic Design Point Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates. Aircraft Engine Thrust Cycles: Generic Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates. The Engine Concept Design Process. Margins Required when Specifying Target Performance Levels. Formulae. Sample Calculations. Charts. References. Off Design Performance Introduction. Generic off Design Characteristics. Off Design Performance Modelling – Methodology. Off Design Performance Modelling – Flow Diagrams and Sample Calculations. Geometric Variation: Modelling and Effects. Engine Scaling and Different Working Fluids. Off Design Matching: Physical Mechanisms. Exchange Rates. Ratings and Control. Formulae. Sample Calculations. Charts. References. Transient Performance Introduction. The Fundamental Transient Mechanism. Transient Performance Manoeuvres. Engine Accel and Decel Requirements. Transient Performance Phenomena. Operability Concerns. Surge, Rotating Stall and Locked Stall – the Events and their Detection. Surge Margin Requirements and the Surge Margin Stack Up. Parameter Groups and Transient Performance. Scaling Parameter Groups and Transient Performance. Control Strategies During Transient Manoeuvres. Transient Performance and Control Models. Formulae. Sample Calculations. References. Starting Introduction. The Fundamental Starting Process. Start Processes for Major Engine Types and Applications. Engine Start Requirements. The Impact of Ambient Temperature and Pressure. Operability Issues. Starting and Parameter Groups. Control Strategies During Start Manoeuvres. Starter System Variants and Selection. Start and Control Models. Formulae. Sample Calculations. References. Windmilling Introduction. Turbojet Windmilling. Turbofan Windmilling. Turboprop Windmilling. Industrial Engine Windmilling. Marine Engine Windmilling. The Effect of Ambient Conditions. Scaling and Engine. Windmill Testing. Windmill Computer Modelling. Formulae. Sample Calculations. References Engine Performance Testing Introduction. Types of Engine Test Bed. Measurements and Instrumentation. Test Bed Calibration. Steady State Development Testing. Transient Development Testing. Application Testing. Production Pass Off. Test Data Analysis. Formulae. Sample Calculations. References. The Effects of Water – Liquid, Steam and Ice Introduction. Gas Properties. Humidity. Water Injection. Steam Injection. Condensation. Rain and Ice Ingestion. The Thermodynamics of Water. Gas Turbine Performance Modelling and Test Data Analysis. Formulae. Sample Calculations. Charts. References. Fuel and Oil Properties and their Impact Introduction. The Combustion Process and Gas Turbine Fuel Types. Data Base of Key Fuel Properties for Performance Calculations. Synthesis Exchange Rates for Primary Fuel Types. Oil Types and Data Base of Key Properties. Formulae. Sample Calculations. Charts. References. Performance of In-Service Products Introduction. Instrumentation and Test Data Analysis. Traditional In-Service Performance Issues. Unit Health Monitoring. Other Services. Formulae. References. Performance and the Economics of Gas Turbine Engines Introduction. The Business Case for a Gas Turbine Project. Coupling the Business Case to the Performance Model. Operational Planning Using In-Service Models. Business Case Exchange Rates. Product Development Exchange Rates. Formulae. Sample Calculations. References. Appendix A: Station Numbering and Nomenclature Appendix B: Unit Conversions Index