| Common Era |
Event |
|
| 0 |
Fulling mills press fabric by foot. (France) |
88 |
| 105 |
Paper invented. (Tshai Lun, China) |
88 |
| 500 ca. |
Earliest specimens of draw loom in western world: originally from Asia, unknown date. (Egypt) |
88 |
| 800 - 1700 |
Plough with curved iron mould board (concave) guided and turned over heavy clay soil in a continuous-ribbon motion: 9th century in China, 1300-1700 in Europe, principle later used for wrapping and folding for machinery. (China) |
86 |
| 1045 ca. |
Movable type introduced in China. (Pi Sheng, China) |
87 |
| 1150 |
Stamp mill used in paper making (not mentioned by L7) (E9 says 1144, Spain). (Italy) |
82 |
| 1185 ca. |
Earliest records of fulling mills in England, at Newsham (Yorkshire) and Barton. (Britain) |
88 |
| 1225 - 1250 |
Water-driven machinery recorded: sketches of saw mills, including spring motion. (Villard de Honnecourt, medieval Europe) |
82 |
| 1280 - 1299 |
Spinning wheels illustrated: primitive, spindle-on-an-axle type. (Europe) |
88 |
| 1322 - 1328 |
Sawmill invented (Domesday Book mentions sawmills in 1076 -- H5). (Europe) |
82 |
| 1400 - 1499 |
Holland adapts windmill for large-scale drainage (1439 for grinding grain -- Q9). (Dutch, Holland) |
86 |
| 1400 - 1499 |
Improved loom advances weaving of elaborate silk fabrics. (John the Calabrian) |
88 |
| 1439 |
Lead alloy used as printers' type: hand produced until 1820s. (Gutenberg, Germany) |
87
|
| 1440 |
Earliest evidence of block book, SPIRITUALE POMERIUM: block-printed wood cuts. (Brussels) |
87 |
| 1448 - 1455 |
Mainz printing office develops Gutenberg printing press: used movable and reusable type. (Gutenberg, Fust, Europe) |
87
|
| 1500 ca. |
Clear glass produced in large beehive furnaces fired by charcoal. (Europe) |
83 |
| 1518 |
Tilting trough demonstrated: probably invented earlier. (Leonardo da Vinci, Italy) |
86 |
| 1530 |
Foot-driven spinning wheel. |
88 |
| 1586 |
Improved draw loom: use forbidden according to legend. (Dangon, France) |
88 |
| 1589 |
First frame-knitting machine devised: leads to machine-knitting industry (1599 possible). (Wm Lee, Britain, then France) |
88 |
| 1600 ca. |
Mechanical hammer-type fulling mills appear in Europe (first illustrated 1607, Zonca). (Europe) |
88 |
| 1604 |
Ribbon mill. (Europe) |
88 |
| 1604 ca. |
Bar loom invented: used to weave many ribbons simultaneously. (Willem Dierickzoon van Sonnevelt, France) |
88
|
| 1679 |
Steam digester invented: reduced bone to edible jelly, forerunner of autoclave, pressure valve invented to prevent explosions. (Denis Papin, London) |
86
|
| 1687 - 1688 |
Cast plate glass: Saint Gobain factory established at Tourlaville to make mirrors. (Nicolas du Noyer, France) |
83
|
| 1695 ca. |
Lead rolling mills used in England (1730 in France). (Britain) |
82 |
| 1700 |
Carding machine for wool. (Britain) |
88 |
| 1700 - 1732 |
Silk-throwing mill develops rapidly in England: patent held. (Lombe's, Derby, Britain) |
88 |
| 1701 |
Horse-drawn seed drill for planting seeds in rows developed. (Jethro Tull, Britain) |
86 |
| 1730 |
Plow with four cutters invented: published 1731 but not widely used for many years. (Jethro Tull, Britain) |
86 |
| 1733 |
Flying Shuttle for weaving loom invented: marks beginning of textile industry. (John Kay, Britain) |
88
|
| 1746 - 1749 |
Lead-chamber process for sulphuric acid developed: used until 20th century, replaced by Messel. (John Roebuck, Britain) |
83 |
| 1748 |
United Society for Manufactures and Importation, early US textile factory, uses hand looms. (Boston) |
88 |
| 1764 |
Jenny invented for cotton spinning: eight spindles at once (patent 1770). (James Hargreaves, Britain) |
88
|
| 1767 |
Yarn mass produced by spinning machine. |
88 |
| 1769 |
Water-powered spinning frame patented: model for all later spinning machinery. (Richard Arkwright) |
88
|
| 1775 |
Arkwright's carding machine patented: first successful cotton spinner. (Richard Arkwright, Britain) |
88 |
| 1776 |
Laissez faire principles elaborated in THE WEALTH OF NATIONS, specifically mentions pin-factory management. (Adam Smith, Britain) |
81
|
| 1779 |
Spinning mule perfected: based on jenny and water frame. (Samuel Crompton, Britain) |
88
|
| 1785 |
First Watt steam engine to drive cotton mill operates in Arkwright'sfactory. (Arkwright, Nottingham) |
88
|
| 1785 - 1787 |
Power loom in factory (1785--E2 I3): (looms not necessarily practical until 1785-88--L7). (Edmund Cartwright, Britain) |
88 |
| 1787 - 1790 |
Soda-making process invented 1789: uses common salt. (Nicolas Leblanc, France) |
86 |
| 1787 ca. |
First high-pressure steam engine in US built. (Oliver Evans, Delaware) |
88 |
| 1788 |
Drum thresher patented: invented 1784-86. (Andrew Meikle) |
86 |
| 1790 |
Multistory factory blocks built, larger than country mills, represent new era in management. |
81 |
| 1790 |
Wet-spun process using machine for spinning flax yarn patented and installed in factory. (Matthew Murray, Leeds, England) |
88 |
| 1790 |
Sewing machine patented. (M Saint, Britain) |
88 |
| 1790 - 1798 |
First US cotton mill built using powered machinery: built by Wm Almy and S Brown. (Samuel Slater, Pawtucket, RI) |
88 |
| 1790 - 1840 |
Textile industry stimulates machine-tool growth; 1785 steam engine introduced into cotton industry. (US) |
88
|
| 1791 |
REPORT ON THE SUBJECT OF MANUFACTURES written. (Alexander Hamilton, US) |
81
|
| 1793 |
First important US water-powered woolen mill. (Scholfield, Newburyport, Mass) |
88 |
| 1794 |
Whitney cotton gin patented: establishes Southern plantation wealth and influences manfacturing industries. (Eli Whitney, US) |
86 |
| 1795 |
Advanced management practices implemented in Soho Factory: 2d generation (sons). (Boulton and Watt (sons), near Birmingham, Britain) |
81
|
| 1795 |
THE YOUNG MILL-WRIGHT AND MILLER'S GUIDE published. (Oliver Evans, Wilmington, Del) |
82 |
| 1797 |
Mechanized textile carding machine patented: used in early 1790s, spread to England. (Amos Whittemore, Hartford, Conn) |
88 |
| 1798 |
Continuous paper-making machine invented: not commercial until 1800 with Bryan Donkin and John Gamble, Britain. (Nicholas LouisRobert, France) |
85
|
| 1798 |
Lithography invented. (Alois Senefelder, France) |
87 |
|
19th Century |
|
| 1800 - 1828 |
Experimental social reform (employee welfare) tried in textile mills (personnel management). (Robert Owen, New Lanark, Scotland) |
81 |
| 1800 - 1808 |
Clocks mass produced in New England: die-cut brass wheels used; first US clock factory. (Eli Terry, Plymouth, Conn) |
82
|
| 1800 - 1811 |
Wilkinson textile mill*: important to steam power and machine tool development in US. (David Wilkinson, Pawtucket, RI) |
88 |
| 1803 - 1805 |
Power loom developed: influenced British textile developments. (Johnson, Britain) |
88 |
| 1803 - 1814 |
Large-scale cotton factory designed at Lowell: major step for textile industry. (Francis Lowell, Waltham and Lowell, Mass) |
88 |
| 1804 |
Jacquard automatic silk loom invented: major improvement over draw loom, uses punch card system, in general use by 1810. (Joseph M Jacquard, France) |
88
|
| 1805 - 1808 |
Steel check plate invented for paper-engraving process that made counterfeit notes difficult. (Jacob Perkins, Massachusetts) |
87
|
| 1810 |
Tin-plate container patented: introduces tin cans made of sheet metal. (Peter Durand, Britain) |
86 |
| 1810 - 1953 |
Chef wins award and builds first bottling and canning factory: House of Appert (1795). (Nicolas Appert, France) |
86 |
| 1814 |
First operating steam-powered newspaper press installed at THE TIMES in London. (Friedrick Konig, London) |
87 |
| 1816 |
Cast-iron plow invented (first in US): patented 2/3/1819, adds mould board with interchangeable parts 1837. (Stephen McCormick, Virginia) |
86
|
| 1819 |
Roving machine for cotton spinning patented: with differential mechanism. (Asa Arnold, NH or RI) |
88 |
| 1820 |
Cultivator invented: first to be operated in North America. (Henry Burden, New York) |
86 |
| 1820 - 1829 |
Revolving horse-drawn hay rake commercially available: displaces older forms by 1850s. (US) |
86
|
| 1822 - 1825 |
Self-acting power loom demonstrated 1822: based on Wm Horrocks', for weaving intricately designed fabrics. (Richard Roberts, Manchester) |
88
|
| 1823 |
Rubberized waterproof material manufactured for garments and air cushions. (MacIntosh, Glasgow) |
83 |
| 1824 |
Better cement process invented: Portland cement concrete substituted for Portland rock. (Joseph Aspdin, Leeds) |
83 |
| 1826 |
Powered printing press patented: perhaps first in US. (Daniel Treadwell, Massachusetts) |
87
|
| 1828 |
Ring spinner patented: produces stronger, uniform yarn or thread at high speeds. (John Thorp, Providence, RI) |
88
|
| 1828 |
Cap spinner. (Charles Danforth, Ramapo, New York) |
88 |
| 1830 |
Self-acting mule perfected. (Richard Roberts, Manchester) |
88 |
| 1831 - 1834 |
First mechanical reaper (patented '43) generally adopted: follows several British designs. (Cyrus McCormick, US) |
86 |
| 1832 |
ON THE ECONOMY OF MACHINERY AND MANUFACTURES extended Smith's work on management principles. (Charles Babbage, US and Europe) |
81 |
| 1832 ca. |
Soda water manufacturing begins in US. (John Matthews, New York) |
86 |
| 1832 |
Mechanized type-casting machine introduced: capable of producing 20,000 letters a day. (Wm Church (US), Britain) |
87 |
| 1833 |
Factory Act in England protects children under age of nine from employment. (Britain) |
80 |
| 1833 ca. |
Pin-making machine developed, with Robert Hoe; spun-head pin-making machines manufactured. (John I Howe, Salem, NY) |
85 |
| 1833 |
Reaper with cutter sickle attains commercial success: before McCormick's. (Obed Hussey, US) |
86
|
| 1835 - 1862 |
Horseshoe and railroad spike machines mass produce forged metal objects. (Henry Burden, Troy, NY) |
85 |
| 1836 |
Fiberglass (check trademark) patented. (Dubus-Bonnel, Paris) |
83 |
| 1837 |
Combined thresher and fanning mill built (check winnowing machine) (patented 1834 -- D2, X4). (Hiram and John Pitts, Winthrop, Maine) |
86
|
| 1837 |
Plow with steel cutting edge and wrought-iron selfscouring mold board: dubbed singing plow. (John Deere, US) |
86 |
| 1838 |
Process of vulcanizing rubber patented in Britain. (Hancock, Britain) |
83 |
| 1838 |
Bruce's type casting machine. (US) |
87 |
| 1840 - 1900 |
Rapid mechanization and heavy capital goods made of iron and steel: from coal fuel. (US) |
80
|
| 1840 - 1849 |
Tin patterns for shoe making leads to standard sizes, right and left 'crooked' shoes and shoe boxes. (US (New England)) |
85 |
| 1840 - 1879 |
1819 siderographic printing device with geometric pattern lathe produces stamps. (Jacob Perkins, Britain) |
87 |
| 1840 |
Self-acting mule for spinning cotton patented. (Wm Mason, Massachusetts) |
88 |
| 1841 |
Vulcanization in US invented (1839--E2 X4; 1835--I3). (Charles Goodyear, Philadelphia) |
83 |
| 1842 |
Powered carpet loom patented: makes hand weaving obsolete. (Erastus Bigelow, Massachusetts) |
88 |
| 1843 |
Evaporator for sugar cane invented. (Norbert Rilieux, US) |
86 |
| 1844 - 1852 |
Gun-manufacturing factory built by Robbins and Lawrence* (originally Robbins, Kendall, and Lawrence): first export of machine tools and guns with interchangeable parts, closed 1852. (Richard Lawrence, Windsor, Vt) |
82 |
| 1845 - 1846 |
Charleston COURIER publishes arguments for a Southern (US) textile industry (mill established). (Wm Gregg, Graniteville, SC) |
88 |
| 1845 - 1851 |
Power carpet loom invented. (Erastus Bigelow, Massachusetts) |
88 |
| 1846 |
Method of evaporation in multiple effect patented for sugar refining. (Norbert Rillieux, Louisiana) |
86 |
| 1846 |
Steel mould boards (plow). (John Deere, US) |
86 |
| 1846 |
Type-revolving 'Lightning' invented: credited with revolutionizing newspaper printing. (Richard M Hoe, Philadelphia) |
87 |
| 1846 |
Sewing machine patented: developed 1845, has eye-pointed needle and shuttle. (Elias Howe, Massachusetts) |
88 |
| 1847 - 1848 |
Factory built for mass production of McCormick's reaper: mechanizes agriculture industry. (Cyrus McCormick, Chicago) |
86 |
| 1851 |
Household sewing machine patented and manufactured. (I Singer, Wilson) |
88 |
| 1854 |
Four-motion feed patented: fundamental to sewing machine development. (Allen B Wilson, Connecticut) |
88 |
| 1855 ca. |
Norris Locomotive Works advances management practice: workers' manual published, master file kept. (Norris, Philadelphia) |
81 |
| 1856 |
Condensed milk canned. (Gail Borden, US) |
86 |
| 1857 |
Penn Railroad establishes modern management structure. (Pennsylvania) |
81 |
| 1857 |
Drawing glass directly from furnace patented. (Wm Clark, St Helens, Britain) |
83 |
| 1861 |
First (US) successful flat knitting machine patented: improved by 1865. (Isaac W Lamb, Michigan) |
88 |
| 1865 |
Harvesters patented (1/31) with Rufus Howard; combined rakes and reels patented (2/7). (Samuel Johnston, New York) |
86 |
| 1868 |
Positive-motion loom, with belt attached to shuttle carriage, patented: for cotton industry. (James W Lyall, New York) |
88 |
| 1870 |
Celluloid patented (created 1869); factory established 1872 in Newark; machines developed 1875-78. (John Hyatt, New Jersey) |
83 |
| 1874 - 1887 |
Industrial tempered glass manufacturing process developed and factories established. (R Royer, France) |
83 |
| 1875 |
Contact process for manufacturing sulphuric acid patented: replaces Roebuck's method (1749). (Rudolph Messel, W S Squire, Germany) |
83 |
| 1877 - 1886 |
Incubators and chicken brooders patented: credited with creating chicken-farm industry. (Edward S Renwick, New York) |
86 |
| 1878 - 1879 |
Cream separator invented. (Karl G P de Laval, Sweden) |
86 |
| 1879 |
First US dobby loom patented. (Horace Wyman, Massachusetts) |
88 |
| 1880 - 1910 |
Rumors of oversupply of technical graduates (in Germany) feeds fears of employment glut. (US) |
81 |
| 1880 - 1920 |
Towne, Metcalfe, and Halsey promote managerial principles on manufacturing and economics. (Henry R Towne, US) |
81 |
| 1880 |
Isoprene isolated from rubber to create synthetic rubber; 1884, Tilden expands production. (G Bouchardat, France) |
83 |
| 1880 - 1889 |
Cotton-seed-oil mill is built and operates in Georgia: expands throughout South. (Erwin Wm Thompson, Thomasville, Ga) |
88 |
| 1881 |
Labor organization founded: later becomes AFL in 1886, gives direction to labor movement. (Samuel Gompers, US) |
81 |
| 1881 |
First automatic buttonhole machine patented. (J Reece) |
88 |
| 1881 |
Willcox and Gibbs trimmed-seam machine patented. (Charles Willcox) |
88 |
| 1883 |
Production engineering is developed as profession. (Henry R Towne, US) |
81 |
| 1884 |
Pyrex invented by Carl Zeiss in Jena Germany; later improved by Corning (1916). (Zeiss, Corning, Jena, Germany; US) |
83 |
| 1884 |
Direct-casting linotype patented (1885, linotype with justification patented). (O Mergenthaler, Baltimore, Ohio) |
87 |
| 1885 |
Paper bag manufacturing machine patented (first patent). (Wm Henry Honiss, Hartford, Conn) |
85 |
| 1886 |
'The Engineer as an Economist' published in ASME TRANSACTIONS. (Henry Towne, New York) |
81 |
| 1887 |
Book-sewing machine patented: used at Smyth Manufacturing Company. (Arthur Jacobs, Hartford, Conn) |
85 |
| 1890 |
Financial-sharing incentive plan introduced into Canadian Rand Drill to increase productivity. (Frederick Halsey, Quebec, Canada) |
81 |
| 1890 - 1914 |
Rise of labor unions as factories as factory production grows and scientific management forms. (US and Europe) |
81 |
| 1892 |
Pneumatic seed cotton machine patented: adopted worldwide. (Robert S Munger, Birmingham, Ala) |
86 |
| 1892 |
Viscose rayon produced: earliest cellulose fibers for textile industry. (C F Cross and E JBevan) |
88 |
| 1895 - 1903 |
Automatic bottle-making machine* conceived and built (patented 1895). (Michael Owens, Toledo, Ohio) |
86 |
| 1895 |
Self-threading automatic loom with weft-fork mechanism and warp let-off and warp stop motions. (J H Northrup, Hopedale, Mass) |
88 |
| 1896 - 1927 |
Record production of Ford Model T: 15 million sold; first in 1896; assembly line introduced 1914. (Henry Ford, Detroit, Mich) |
89 |
| 1897 |
Monotype printing established in US. (US) |
87 |
| 1898 - 1901 |
Bethlehem Steel introduces F W Taylor's scientific management system. (F W Taylor, Pennsylvania) |
81 |
|
20th Century |
|
| 1900 ca. |
Pro-labor policies re-emerge from business leaders: Filenes in Boston and John H Patterson, NCR. (Boston, Dayton) |
81 |
| 1900 - 1925 |
Rise of giant multi-unit corporations changes managerial structures: broadens management program. (au A D Chandler, US, Europe, Japan) |
81 |
| 1900 |
Cow-milking machine patented: bucket type (releaser developed in 1920). |
86 |
| 1900 - 1917 |
First tractors powered by internal combustion engine appear: grow into common use. |
86 |
| 1901 |
Wage-and-bonus paper published: introduces humanist approach to industrialism. (Henry Gantt, New York) |
81 |
| 1901 |
Sheet glass produced directly from furnace: patented 1901 and perfected 1913. (Fourcault) |
83 |
| 1903 |
Machine-drawn glass cylinders produced. (John Lubbers, US) |
83 |
| 1904 |
Wage and efficiency principles published. (Harrington Emerson, New York) |
81 |
| 1905 - 1935 |
Antitrust legislation (Sherman Act enforcement) stabilizes rapid manufacturing expansion. (US) |
80 |
| 1905 |
Rayon yarn manufactured commercially through viscose process. |
83 |
| 1907 |
Bakelite invented: commercially produced 1909, marks beginning of plastic-age mass production (simultaneous development by James Swinburne in England). (Leo H Baekeland, New York) |
83 |
| 1908 - 1912 |
Cellophane manufacturing process invented by Edwin Bradenberger: perfected in 1910. (Bradenberger, Switzerland) |
83 |
| 1908 |
Conveyor-belt assembly for automobile production begun: includes continuous-feed plate glass and high-speed metalwork. (Ford Factory, US) |
89 |
| 1909 |
Triplex produced as safety glass for windshields: uses celluloid between sheet glass. (E Benedictus, France) |
83 |
| 1911 |
Scientific management principles published (1910 -- E3, U3). (F W Taylor, Philadelphia) |
81 |
| 1912 - 1929 |
Published texts that influence industrial economics; most notable is kilo-man-hour studies. (Leon Alford, New York) |
81 |
| 1912 - 1920 |
Two-apron drafting system developed: cotton textile manufacture. (F Casablancas) |
88 |
| 1913 |
'Principles of Industrial Organization' used in management training programs through 1950. (Dexter Kimball) |
81 |
| 1913 - 1920 |
Cooker with reel and spiral invented to sterilize food in canning; pressure-lock valve 1920. (A R Thompson, San Jose, Calif) |
86 |
| 1915 - 1924 |
Lillian and Frank Gilbreth establish basic elements of motion studies: especially flowchart process. (Gilbreths, New York or RI) |
81 |
| 1916 |
ADMINISTRATION INDUSTRIELLE ET GENERALE published on management theory. (Henri Fayol, France) |
81 |
| 1918 |
Mass production of gas-powered track-type tractor. (Benjamin Holt, Stockton, Calif) |
86 |
| 1920 - 1929 |
Hawthorne experiments on worker fatigue and productivity conducted at Western Electric. (Elton Mayo, Chicago) |
81 |
| 1920 |
Continuous ribbon production for glass manufacturing invented by Ford Motor Company. |
83 |
| 1920 - 1933 |
Tank-furnace and ribbon production for flat-glass manufacturing developed: also grinding and polishing. (Pilkington Brothers, St Helens, Britain) |
83 |
| 1921 |
Ribbon machine for high-speed production of light bulbs developed. (Will Woods, D Gray, Corning, NY) |
85 |
| 1921 |
First automatic chassis factory begins production (1930, full production). (A O Smith Corporation, Milwaukee, Wis) |
89 |
| 1924 |
Series of landmark publications appear: includes design, manufacturing, and control of standard machinery. (Ralph Flanders) |
81 |
| 1925 |
Individual-section (IS) machine developed for bottle making, replacing Owens' rotary system. |
86 |
| 1926 - 1949 |
De-airing pug mill introduced: increases workability of plastic masses, especially affects ceramic whiteware. |
82 |
| 1927 |
'Time Study and Formulas for Wage Incentives': pioneered management texts (with S J Stegemerten). (Maynard, Lowry) |
81 |
| 1927 |
Model T removed from production. (Henry Ford, US) |
89 |
| 1930 - 1939 |
Labor strikes and demonstrations reflect changing management policies and economic depression. (especially Renault, worldwide, especially France) |
81 |
| 1930 - 1935 |
Suter-Webb comb sorter introduced: measures cotton fiber length and length distribution. |
88 |
| 1931 |
ORGANIZATION ENGINEERING published: fundamental management exposition. (Henry Dennison, US) |
81 |
| 1931 |
Neoprene developed at du Pont de Nemours. (Wallace Carothers, Wilmington, Del) |
83 |
| 1933 |
National Labor Relations Act (1933). (US) |
81 |
| 1935 |
Nylon patented for du Pont: introduced 1938, first major synthetic fiber. (Wallace Carothers, US) |
83 |
| 1936 |
Baby harvester, marketed by Allis Chalmers, brings mechanization to small US farms, eventually European farms. (US, then Europe) |
86 |
| 1938 |
Fiberglas produced by Owens Corning Fiberglas Company. (US) |
83 |
| 1938 - 1946 |
Pilot plant developed for continuous processing of chemical pulp for paper making. (Kamyr AB, Sweden) |
88 |
| 1939 |
Polyethelene invented: polytetraethelene invented and produced in 1954?. (Roy Plunkett) |
83 |
| 1939 |
Polythene commercially made by International Chemical Industries. (Britain) |
83 |
| 1940 ca. |
Plastics like PTFE discovered to have lower coefficient of friction than journal metals. |
83 |
| 1940 ca. |
Pressley bundle test introduced: measures cotton fiber strength. |
88 |
| 1941 |
Polyurethanes commercially produced by I G Farbenindustrie (discovered 1937-39 by Bayer). (Germany) |
83 |
| 1941 |
Dacron developed by ICI in Britain in 1941: introduced in US in 1953. (du Pont, US) |
83 |
| 1943 |
Silicone manufactured commercially (discovered 1904 by Kipping). (Dow Corning Corp, US) |
83 |
| 1944 |
Polysar plant begins production of synthetic rubber. (Sarnia, Ontario, Canada) |
83 |
| 1946 |
Fruit juice extractor* with 24-head rotary action operates experimentally: uses grapefruit. (Sunkist, Tempe, Ariz) |
86 |
| 1946 |
Micronaire method of measuring diameter of cotton fiber introduced. |
88 |
| 1948 |
Teflon produced commercially: PTFE discovered by Roy Plunkett in 1938. (du Pont, US) |
83 |
| 1950 |
Sulzer's shuttleless automatic loom produced commercially. (Sulzer) |
88 |
| 1950 ca. |
Clamp technology, electronic controls, and hydraulic and pneumatic operation affect garment manufacturers. |
88 |
| 1950 - 1955 |
Wool scourer improved: Wool Industry Research Association -- Petri improved scourer. |
88 |
| 1952 |
Float glass process developed for flat-glass manufacturing. (Pilkingtons, St Helens, Britain) |
83 |
| 1954 - 1957 |
Polypropylene invented: replaces jute and hemp. (Natta, Milan) |
83 |
| 1955 - 1959 |
Model developed for correlating how new technology relates to productivity. (W E Salter) |
81 |
| 1957 |
Phototypesetting process makes it possible to eliminate metal typesetting. |
87 |
